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bill and valley have interposed : thus, the detritus from the 
Cumberland mountains has had to surmount the summit 
ridge of Stainmoor, which, at its lowest point, is 1400 feet 
above the level of the sea, or 900 above the vale below ; and 
in Lancashire, Morecambe Bay has been crossed. But when 
we come to consider the depths of ocean which intervene be- 
tween the mountains of Scotland or Norway, surely some 
other explanation is required. 
The discovery of erratic boulders in the neighbourhood of 
Halifax, also adds to the confusion, for there appears to be 
no conceivable mode by which a current of water could carry 
them along the tortuous course which would be required to 
reach the upper parts of the valley of the Calder, and as all 
parties agree that they have not passed the summit ridge 
south of Stainmoor, they must have entered by the foot of 
the valley. 
The same difficulty presents itself on the Lancashire side 
of the hill, for Mr. Thorp informs me, that boulders of a 
similar description have been found at Tintwistle, which is 
far removed from the direct course of a north and south 
current.* 
I now come to my second division, viz., — the superficial 
gravel and sand which frequently occurs above the principal 
body of drift. Mr. Phillips states his opinion, that both are 
due to the same agency, under different degrees of intensity ; 
but when I consider the very marked distinction of one being, 
with scarcely any exception, devoid of the slightest appear- 
ance of stratification, while the other is subdivided into a 
multiplicity of clearly defined strata, I cannot concur in this 
view. 
I again refer you to Mr. Phillips's " Illustrations" for a 
* Since the meeting Mr. Wallen has informed me, that in digging the founda- 
tions for the new church at Holme Bridge, near Holmfirth, several pieces of 
granite were found. 
