8 
DE RANGE : THE YALE OF CLWYD CAVES. 
F.R.S., under the expressive name of "book-leaves." Professor 
Dawkins states that they occur at all horizons, and even under the 
cave-earth, in interstices between the large blocks of limestone under- 
lying the cave-earth. 
The Victoria Cave in many respects resembles the Caves of the 
Vale of Clwyd, in the Yorkshire Cave certain deposits alleged to be 
glacial rest upon the Bone-earth, but their age has been disputed in 
the Clwydian Caves, also the Bone-earth is overlaid by glacial deposits, 
the presence of which has been referred to Swallow-holes, and to a 
wash from older deposits. After careful study of the Welsh Caves, 
and all that has been written upon them, I think there is no doubt 
that they were inhabited by hya3nas, and were visited by man before the 
submergence, during which the local glacial deposits were thrown down. 
In the year 1832, the Rev. Edward Stanley, Vicar of Alderley 
Edge, afterwards Bishop of Norwich, and father of the late Dr. 
Stanley, Dean of Westminster, visited what was then called the Cefn 
Cave, a perforated arch through which the road is carried, in which 
he describes the occurrence of the bones of animals, stags' horns, 
and a human skull pierced with some sharp instrument. After 
examining this natural tunnel he heard that a new cave had been 
discovered 100 feet higher up on the hill, and about 40 or 50 feet 
below the summit, it was discovered in cutting a very extensive series 
of walks, by the owner Edward Lloyd, Esq., he found the new cave 
to have two entrances, the western being full of bone-earth, made of 
comminuted fragments of bone with numerous large bones of mammals, 
gnawed and crushed by hyaenas, whose teeth were plentiful. He 
visited the cave in February, and again in April, and found the fine 
loam in it to fill up the cavern nearly to the roof, which he considered 
was formerly entirely sealed, he described the laminated appearance 
of the loam, and the occurrence of bones and broken pieces of hazel 
or birch.'" 
In 1836, Mr. Bowmanf inferred from the presence of sand and 
gravel within 18 inches of the roof, that the cavern must have been 
a water-course. 
* Edinburgh New Philosophical Journa], Vol. XIV, p. 40-53. 
f J. E. Bowman, Cefn Bone Cave, Brit. Aesoc. Report, 1836. 
