10 
DE RANGE : THE VALE OF CLWYD CAVES. 
filling the cavern as consisting in descending order of sand and marl, 
containing fragments of marine shells like those dispersed near the 
neighhouring district. He mentions that the sediment is very finely 
laminated, and that tlie bone-bearing loam was separated into two 
beds by a crust of stalagmite. The lower bed he states " was below 
the level of the entrance from the face of the cliff, and contains bones 
and teeth enveloped in sediment, and mixed with smooth pebbles 
like those of the adjacent river, and fragments of wood." The 
authors point oat that the lower bed must have been formed by the 
river when it flowed at a different level, and the marks on the bones 
show that it was the home of carnivora ; and he points out that it 
must have been sub-aerial for a time, allowing the stalagmite to form. 
Dr. Falconer visited Cefn Cave on August 27th, 1859. His 
notes appear in the " Palieontological Memoirs and Notes," edited 
by Dr. Murchison, London, 1868. Vol. II. p. 541-2, in which 
he gives a ground plan of the cave which I have verified on 
the ground. The tunnel on entering turns to the left, almost 
parallel to the face of the cliff, it then turns at right angles to it ; 
to the right is a steep side branch running a considerable distance 
upwards, with many sub-branches, which probably almost reach the 
surface. Further on the main tunnel divides, and afterwards again 
unites, a column or island of limestone being left in the centre, beyond 
which the tunnel ascends very steeply, and eventually reaches day- 
light on the other side. Of this opening Dr, Falconer says, " it 
appears to me to have been the flue through which most of the 
materials were injected and washed into the cave. The main tunnels 
have their floors covered with very slippery yellow loam. The injecta 
have been washed down chiefly into the left hand tunnel, where bones 
are found on the upper side of the insular irregular cylinder, 
around which the cave passage turns, and which forms a complete 
circular communication. 
The following is a list of the species identified by Dr. Falconer 
amongst the fossils from Cefn Cave : — 
i Elephas antiquus. Rhinoceros hemitccchus. 
astragalus. 
tichorhinus. 
Species undetermined. 
