1)E RANGE : THE VALE OF CLWYD CAVES. 
15 
"B" 111 the plan of the cave published in the Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, 
Feb., 188G, which plan I assisted Dr. Hicks in constructing, unfor- 
tunately, we did not connect it with the surface, and we were totally 
unaware that the cavern, by trending westwaids, was upon the point 
re-emerging into daylight, not the slightest traces of subsidence was 
visible either in the roof of the cavern or on the surface of the field above. 
The various deposits at the working face of the cavern filled it 
up to within 5 or 6 inches of the crown of the roof, consisting of : — 
Ft. In. 
1. Fine washed yellow sand ... .... ... 1 0 
2. Laminated clay, &c. ... ... ... 1 6 
3. Red Bone-earth (fragments of stalagmites) ... 2 6 
4. Local gravel ... ... ... ... 1 6 
The Sand resembled that seen in the Drift Sand Pit, 400 yards 
distant up the valley. On my next visit, 5th June, 1886, and on subse- 
quent days, I found that the removal of material from below had 
caused a subsidence to take place, beyond what turned out to be a 
wall of limestone, in which the cavern terminated, and against which 
a mass of glacial drift formed a slope masking the limestone behind 
it. The subsidence was accelerated by the heavy snowstorm of the 
previous winter, the melting snow percolating into the sands, and 
along the plane between the rock and the drift. 
A vertical shaft had been dug 20 feet in depth on the east, 
or cavern side, and 19 feet on the western side, 9 feet across at the 
top, and about 5 feet 6 inches at the bottom. I measured with Dr. 
Hicks the beds exposed in the shaft on all sides by means of a ladder, 
I placed the point of a knife at the intersection of each bed, and the 
measurements were written down, and checked by him. The section 
published in the British Association Report 1886, is the result of these 
observations. The dip was w^estwards from the rock, both above the 
cavern mouth and below it, as shown in the section. The whole of 
the material in the cavern was not then removed, and the fine 
grained yellow sand, resting on laminated loam overlying bone-earth, 
was then seen extending into the cavern to a distance of fourteen 
feet. "Water was still coming in freely at the extreme north-east 
corner of the shaft, along a line of joint ranging north, to an unknown 
