108 DAVIS : THE LAKE-DWELLINCiS EAST YORKSHIRE. 
Edmunds, was explored by the Rev. H. Jones in 1867 ; another at 
Wretham Mere, in Norfolk, by Sir Charles Bunbury in 1856 ; and 
Dr. Palmer has reported that in 1869 oaken piles and planks had 
been dug out of boggy ground on Gold Ash Common, Berkshire. In 
each instance piles were found driven into the ground, at Barton 
supported by large stones ; associated with them were vast quantities 
of broken bones of animals used for food, and occasionally bronze 
spear-heads and other implements have been found. It is probable 
that these structures belonged to the bronze age. and the objects dis- 
covered in them point rather to the later than to the earlier part of 
it ; to that portion which immediately precedes the historic period: 
Compared with the lake-dwellings of Holderness they would be coeval 
with the more recent structures in which the bronze implements are 
found. A single example of a Crannoge or pile-dwelling has been 
recorded as occurring in Llangorse Lake, near Brecon, in South 
Wales. It consists of an island of piles supported by stones ; it is 
ninety 3'ards in circumference, and situated in tw(^ or tlu'ee feet of 
water a short distance from the northern sliore of the lake. The 
piles are oak and show evidence of having been hewn with a metal 
adze. Outside the island are groups of piles of softer wood, and it is 
inferred that the island formed a central platform from the circum- 
ference of which the dwellings extended to tlie adjacent groups of 
piles. Large quantities of bones were found in the shallow water 
between the island and the margin of the lake. The bones were sub- 
mitted to the late Professor RoUeston, who found them to be entirely 
those of the pig, sheep, cow, and horse ; they were all representative 
of small animals. The horse was used as an article of food, 
its bones were of two kinds, one small, probably the progenitor 
of the Welsh pony, and the other of a larger breed. To the above 
list Professor Boyd Dawkins afterwards added the red deer and wild 
boar. Some fragments of pottery were found interspersed with the bones. 
In Ireland and Scotland numerous Island Lake-dwellings or 
Crannoges have been discovered. A large number of the Irish ones 
were described by Sir W. R. Wilde in the proceedings of the Royal 
Irish Academy, dating from 1840. The Irish Crannoges have been 
inhabited from a period hidden in remote antiquity until compara- 
