DAVIS: THE LAKE-mVELLINGS IN EAST YORKSHIRE. 109 
tively recent times. In many instances they may have been deserted 
for long periods, and afterwards repaired and re-inhabited. The 
remains of implements of war ; those used in agricultural pursuits 
and others for personal adornment, range tlirough all the varieties of 
stone and flint, bone, bronze and iron, and consist of daggers, spears, 
knives and swords, shears, axes, querns, beads, pins, combs, brooches, 
chains, pots, &c. The amount of broken bones left by the occupiers 
is enormous, and instances are recorded where a hundred and fifty 
cart-loads had been removed and used as manure from a single plat- 
platform. The ordinary form of the Irish Crannoge is a circular or 
oblong structure forming an island, surrounded by one or more rows 
of piles, pointed and driven into the bed of the lake. Inside the 
circle of piles the space is filled with stones, branches of trees and 
peaty debris. On those artificially -built islands, wooden dwellings 
were erected. The latter consisted of a combination of piles and 
wicker-work with boarded floors. In districts where wood was scarce, 
they are sometimes built up entirely of stone. Generally the dwell- 
ings were erected in a circle round the outer extremity of the struc- 
ture, similarly to that already spoken of in Wales ; in other and rare 
instances the houses were built on wooden platforms supported by 
piles and brushwood, held in position by stones. They were erected 
without connection with the shore, comnuuiication being made by 
means of a canoe, hewn from the bole of a single tree : it is a common 
occurrence to find the canoe in immediate proximity to the pile 
structure buried in the peat or bog. Sir W. R. Wilde describing a 
Crannoge exposed at Lagore, County Meath, which was 173 feet in 
diameter, says — 
" The circumference of the circle was formed by upright posts 
of black oak, measuring from six to eight feet in height ; these were 
mortised into beams of a similar material, laid flat upon the marl and 
sand beneath the bog, and nearly sixteen feet below the present sur- 
face. The upright posts were held together by connecting cross- 
beams, and (?) fastened by large iron nails ; parts of a second upper 
tier of posts were likewise found resting on the lower ones. The 
space thus enclosed was divided into separate compartments by septa 
or divisions that intersected each other in different directions ; these 
