176 
CHEETHAM : CUP AND RING MARKINGS AT HORSFORTH. 
From the Geological Map it is seen that we have the Halifax 
Hard and Soft Beds of Coal cropping out on each side of the valley, 
of course denuded in the middle, but some portions of the coal were 
not carried far, as boulders of the Hard Bed, of a good size, were 
found a few years ago when making a gas-tank on the opposite side 
of the valley. It was found that although burning without flame 
they gave out a considerable amount of heat. Probably the reason 
why they have not been carried far away has been that at the time 
they were removed a lake filled this portion of the valley, the gravel 
beds and terraces of the shore lines, at various elevations, being well 
preserved. Like most of the stones which I have had removed from 
the land, this boulder is almost covered by markings made by the 
plough. We have had many a ploughshare broken by them, and 
probably many have come to grief against this one. The markings 
can be discerned on a photograph. 
Some few months ago, when examining these marks with Mr. 
Benjamin Holgate, F.G.S., and noting the resemblance which some 
of them bore to ice scratches, Mr. Holgate noticed the cup and ring 
markings, and remembering the " Sketch of Pre-Historic Remains of 
Rombalds Moor," which appeared in the Proceedings of our Society 
for 1887, by Mr. John Holmes, of Roundhay, we invited Mr. Holmes 
(who was at the time staying at Ilkley) to come on to Calverley Station 
and inspect it, and report on the markings. Mr. Holmes met us as 
requested on the 9tli of May, and a short time ago sent his report to 
me, in which he states that they are of the same type and kind of 
figuring as those on Rombalds Moor and at Shipley Glen, and in his 
judgment, early forms of the said specimens ; and that they are cor- 
related to similarly marked stones in England, Scotland, Ireland, 
"Wales, and the Isle of Man. Indeed, further observations have 
shown that these singularly inscribed stones are found widely spread 
over the world, from Sweden and Denmark in the north to the South 
Sea Islands, Fiji, America (North and South) ; also numerous in 
Palestine, Moab, Egypt, &c., with variations, but all showing some 
one definite principle in one common human nature." Mr. Holmes 
brought over for comparison a large and most interesting collection of 
sketches and photographs, of similar markings, from almost all the 
