LAMPLUGH : GLACIAL SECTIONS NEAR BRIDLINGTON. 291 
area formed a land-surface during that period, and iii tlie cliff sections 
we still possess a full record of the glacial period from its connnence- 
ment to its close. 
I will summarize the evidence which leads me to conclude that 
there was practically no glacial 'deposit in Eastern England before the 
formation of the Basement Clay. - It needs no lengthy .%tudy of the 
drifts to discover that the chief work of the ice on the low ground 
was to spread out sheets of rudely stratified deposits, which lie, 
broadly speaking, conformable to one another ; and it is only on rare 
occasions that proof of any serious or wide-spread erosion presents 
itself. And I do not see on what grounds we can suppose that 
the earlier w^ould differ from the later phases of glaciation in this 
characteristic, which is clearly one of the results of the physical 
geography of the region, and not therefore liable to alteration 
under similar conditions ; therefore if any wide-spread deposit of 
glacial age older than the Basement Clay had ever existed in this area, 
I am of opinion that we should most assuredly have discovered the 
proof of it. Instead of that we find that the ice which formed the 
Basement Clay almost certainly passed over a floor of bare Secondary 
Rocks, save where they carried a thin covering of marine beds, 
which were practically contemporaneous ; (for there are strong reasons 
for thinking that the shells of the fossiliferous beds were alive 
very shortly before their transportation). How otherwise can we 
explain the fragments of Secondaries which the ice has seized upon to 
aid in the formation of its basal-moraine. It cannot be urged in ex- 
planation that the transported Secondaries may have formed protu- 
berant bosses projecting above the general level of a drift-covered 
surface for they are chiefly of shale and clay, which might form flat 
ground or hollows, but not, under ordinary denudation, hills or 
projections. 
Another argument in favour of the early glacial age of the Base- 
ment Clay may be deduced from its close relationship to the chalk- 
rubble on Flamborough Head. This rubble, which appe'ars to be 
of glacial origin, can only have been formed when the chalk lay 
uncovered and exposed, as it has probably never done since the 
beginning of the formation of boulder-clay in the locality. , It is 
