424 
NOTES ON BORINGS FOR WATER AND SALT IN THE COUNTY OF YORK. 
BY C. E. DE RANGE, ASSOC. INST. C.E., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., 
Secretary of the Underground Water Committee of the British 
Association. 
We are often told that the geology of England affords an 
epitome of that of Europe, and it is certainly equally true that an 
epitome of the geology of England may be found in the County of 
York. 
Its wide diversity of strata, and difference of elevation and 
condition has a direct relation to its remarkable county boundary, 
which includes in an area of artificial limits, portions of river-basins 
draining into the eastern and western seas. 
The county includes the northern and central groups of the rivers, 
making up the Humber basin, but the southern group of the streams 
of that basin are beyond its boundaries, while westward, where the 
Pennine Chain forms the Humber watershead, the West Riding of 
York overlaps the Pennine axis and occupies no less than 400 
square miles of country draining into the Ribble, Lune, and Eden, 
the latter draining into the Mallerstang valley, should be considered 
as belonging naturally to the Cumberland rivers, while the two 
former should be under the jurisdiction of the Lancashire authorities. 
The northern boundary of the Humber basin is the gi-eat east 
and west watershead crossing England from St. Bees Head to Robin 
Hood's Bay, north of Scarborough ; but here also the County of York 
does not follow the physical feature but includes the south bank of 
the river Tees, which stream forms the county boundary from its 
mouth to Cauldron Snout, near its source under Cross Fell. 
From the Tees the boundary ranges across the hills parallel to 
the Pennine axis, which it enters at Stanemoor and follows for a short 
distance, when it passes into the area of the western streams, drain- 
ing into the Irish Sea. 
Southward it again rejoins the Pennine watershed, below Colne, 
Skipton, and Blackstone Edge, leaving it at Mossley east of Staley- 
bridge, whence it turns eastwards, and follows the minor watershed 
between the tributaries of the Trent and the River Don which east- 
