TIDDEMAN : CARBOXIFEKOUS IIOCKS IX UPPER AIRE-DALE. 491 
also in a quarry close to the right side of the road, where there is a 
limekiln, on the way from Skipton, just before getting to Draughton. 
The general arrangement of the Pendleside Limestone in this 
area is a dark, well-bedded limestone below, with white crystalline 
limestone above ; where thin, tlie latter often consists of a breccia, 
but where thick, it growls into great knolls ; and these appear to 
increase in size, and frequency in proximity to the Craven Fault, 
We started to follow the range of the Pendleside Limestone in 
the Aire valley, between ^Lilhani and Kirby x\Lalham. To resume it 
there : — we hnd that it dips to the north and disappears beneath the 
Bowlami Shales, which are seen in several places, but this is only for 
a short distance, for it rises quickly again and forms those two great 
knolls between which the village of Malham snugly nestles. Then 
comes the faidt, not very clearly seen in the river course, then 
Malham Cove, and further east Gordale Scar, two of the grandest 
features of the district. 
Breccias of fragments of limestone occur in the lower part of the 
Bowland Shales in ascending Tranlands Beck where the first little 
stream joins it from the north, and still better are they seen higher 
up the same little gill, near the " M " of Malham on the one-inch 
map, close to " Heads Barn." 
Further to the south and west good exposures of these beds may 
be studied in the gill a few hundred yards above Pott House, and a 
greater thickness in Newton Gill about a mile east of Long Preston. 
East of Malham we have already fdluded to breccias at Winterburn 
Reservoir. They occur also between Garden and Elbolton Knolls, 
and in two or three places beyond the village of Thorpe in the 
Wharfe valley. At these localities they are all in Bowland Shales. 
If we ascend to the top of the crags above Malham Cove, we soon 
find ourselves upon the great platea.u of the Mountain Limestone 
proper. This, though broken at the foot of Malham Tarn, by the 
North Craven Faidt, wdiich throws up its base, and shows us how 
thin it is, and crossed by many minor faults, is one and the same as 
the great spread of Mountain Limestone which lies beneath all the 
Yorkshire dales and extends north to beyond the Tyne valley. We 
have crossed the Fault, and in so doing have exchanged the Clitlieroe 
