Spraying Experiments iri Nebraska 
33 
fact that the orchard was allowed to grow up to grass and weeds, 
and that windfall apples were allowed to remain under the trees. 
In the early windfalls, many curculio larvae lived to maturity 
and thus reinfested the orchard. 
Considering all the facts known in regard to the life history of 
the plum curculio and the facts gathered during the last three 
years' work, the accumulated evidence shows that by taking 
advantage of certain habits of the insect, its control is compara- 
tively easy and certain. 
(1) The adults hibernate during the winter under trash and 
rubbish in the orchard. 
(2) After a winter of fasting they are very voracious and in 
the spring commence feeding on the new leaves and buds before 
the blossoms are open. 
(3) The larvse are unable to live to maturity in the apples 
when they remain on the tree. Only those larvae which are in 
the apples that fall early reach maturity and become beetles. 
(4) The larvae begin entering the ground about the middle of 
July and continue up to the middle of August or later. The 
pupae cases are placed at an average depth of 1 to 2 inches. 
Therefore, control measures which suggested themselves and 
which proved effective are: The removal of trash and rubbish, 
accompanied by early spring plowing; thoro spraying with arsenate 
of lead before the blossoms open, followed by the regular codling 
moth schedule; the removal of early windfalls, which may con- 
tain larvae, from the orchard ; and lastly, thoro cultivation of the 
orchard from the middle of July to the middle of August. 
SPRAYING FOR THE CONTROL OF FUNGOUS DISEASES 
APPLE SCAB 
One of the determining factors in the production of apples in 
Nebraska is the prevalence of apple scab. This disease has long 
been considered serious and a great deal of work has been done 
concerning its life history and methods of control. Notwith- 
standing the fact that its destructiveness is well known and that 
reasonably sure methods of control have been pubhshed, the 
disease goes merrily on taking its toll of more than 50 per cent 
of the fruit^of the state. As a matter of fact the loss is often even 
more than it appears. 1. The young apples drop prematurely, 
due to the attacks of the fungus upon the flowers and petiolas 
before and during the blossoming period, and on the young fruit 
later. This was especially noticeable during the seasons of 1913 and 
1915. At blossoming time the bloom was as heavy on the check 
as on the sprayed trees. The set of fruit on the sprayed trees was 
