Spraying Experiments in Nebraska 
83 
amount of spray injury caused by this method. Plat 1 was 
sprayed with mist nozzles at each application and plat 2 with 
Bordeaux nozzles. 
SUMMARY 
The evidence presented by the data on codling moth control 
and that shown in the foregoing tables indicate that more injury 
is done by using solid-stream nozzles than by using those of the 
hollow-stream type, while there is practically no more efficiency 
secured. Even for the petal-fall spray nothing is gained by using 
the Bordeaux type of nozzle. The filling of all calyx cups and the 
thoro covering of all parts of the tree, fruit, and foliage with the 
least expenditure of labor and material and with a minimum 
amount of injury to the fruit constitutes efficiency in spraying. 
Coarse mist nozzles operating under 225 to 250 pounds pressure 
will throw a penetrating heavy mist several feet thru the foliage of 
an ordinary tree and will fill the calyx cups as readily and cover 
all parts of the foliage more evenly and thoroly than will the 
Bordeaux type of nozzle. 
To prevent injury, the material should be applied evenly, so 
that the liquid will not collect in large drops or run off. There is 
less danger of missing any part of the tree, and the fruit is not so 
liable to be russeted by the hard particles in the spray, when ap- 
pHed in this way. 
The relative costs of the two methods of spraying will be dis- 
cussed later. 
CUMULATIVE EFFECTS OF SPRAYING 
The argument is often advanced that it does not pay to spray 
when a crop is not expected or when the insect infestation or the 
fungous infection is fight. This is a fallacy. The orchardist 
cannot afford to neglect spraying just because there is no promise 
of immediate returns. Spraying will more than pay expenses in 
the benefit to the following year's crop. At Florence in 1913 
only a part of a 30-acre orchard was sprayed. The whole orchard 
was sprayed in 1914 and 1915, but at harvest time in 1915 the 
effect of the thoro spraying received by but a part of the trees in 
1913 was still decidedly noticeable. The effects were so evident 
that the packers, who were not acquainted with the facts of the 
case, found a decided difference in the grades of fruit from the 
two parts of the orchard. 
The following tables also indicate that the cumulative effects 
make spraying decidedly worth while even in an "off year." 
