Spraying Experiments in Nebraska 
95 
be done from the tower. A good arrangement, where the trees 
are large, if a large capacity machine is used, is for two men to 
work from the tower and one from the ground. The material 
should be applied downward with a stroking motion of the rod, 
beginning at the extreme tip of the branches and following down 
to the trunk. In this way there is a mimimum danger of missing 
any of the calyces. More material is needed for this application 
than for any other. The pressure should be 225 to 250 pounds. 
The next spray should be applied about three weeks later and 
should consist of a fine mist. The paramount object of this 
application is to cover thoroly all growing parts of the tree. The 
material should be directed both above and below with long 
stroking motions, beginning at the tips of the branches. The 
exact time for applying this spray is immediately after the moths 
begin to deposit their eggs, and may be determined as indicated 
on page 12. 
The third spray for codling moth should be applied immedi- 
ately after the eggs, from which the second-brood larvae hatch, are 
laid and should be applied in the same manner as the preceding 
spray. 
In abnormal seasons, like that of 1914, when owing to favor- 
able conditions the moths emerge early and multiply rapidly, a 
third-brood spray is necessary. 
Practically no difference was found in the effectiveness of any 
of the standard brands of arsenate of lead. 
Two pounds of arsenate of lead ''paste" or IJ pounds of 
arsenate of lead powder has been found to be as efficient as more. 
In spraying for the control of the plum curculio, the work must 
be done early in the season. It was found necessary to apply one 
spray before the flowers open. The time for the remaining sprays 
corresponds so closely to the first two codling moth sprays that 
the schedule for that insect may be adopted. It has been shown, 
however, that a spray as late as the second-brood codling moth 
apphcation is as a rule of little value in controlling the curculio. 
In an average season, in orchards where clean culture and 
thoro spraying have not greatly reduced the infection three sprays 
are necessary to control the primary infection of apple scab. The 
first spray should be applied before the blossoms open and may 
be combined with the first spray for plum curculio. The next 
two sprays correspond so closely with the first and second sprays 
for codling moth, and the second and third for curculio that the 
poison and fungicides may be combined. In case of a heavy 
secondary infection, such as occurred in 1915, a later spray, 
corresponding so closely to the time of the second-brood codling 
moth application that it may be combined with it, is necessary. 
