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high hills constituting the "Back-bone of England." To 
the westward it presents a long series of rugged and pre- 
cipitous escarpments, which have the local designation of 
Edges. Such are Howden Edge, Diggle Edge, and Black- 
stone Edge. They rise to a height of 1,400 to 1,600 feet, 
and mark the line of the Pennine Anticlinal, the southern 
extension of the Great Pennine Fault. Eastward the Kinder 
Grits slope gradually beneath the higher members of the 
formation, and they in turn disappear beneath the overlying 
Coal measures. The Kinder Grits extend in a northerly 
direction as far as Skipton, and then turning eastwards 
may be seen flanking each side of the valley, as far as 
Bolton Abbey, being separated into two parts by the 
internal pressure which forced up the Anticlinal of con- 
torted Mountain Limestone which extends along the centre 
of the vaUey for the same distance. Beyond Bolton Abbey 
the Kinderscout Grit forms the undulating moorlands, wholly 
given up to grouse and sheep, as far as the valley of the 
"Washburn, being again broken through by the extension 
of the Skipton Anticlinal, to Blubberhouses and Kex GilL 
In the picturesque gorge of Kex Beck the Grit forms a bold cliff 
on either side, in places clothed with trees, in others standing 
out boldly in huge weathered masses. In the bottom of the 
valley Limestone is worked by an adit, and occasionally veins 
of lead are found, evidence that there has been violent eruptive 
action in the immediate neighbourhood. From Blubber- 
houses the line of Fault proceeds eastwards to Beckwith, and 
thence north-eastwards through Harrogate to Knaresborough, 
The Kinder Grit occupies all the elevated land of Forest 
Moor. For a distance of three or four miles from Beckwith 
House to Harrogate the Anticlinal has again brought to the 
surface the Yoredale Rocks, consisting of limestones, sand- 
stones, and shales. The limestone was considered by the 
late, still lamented. Professor Phillips as the equivalent of 
