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does not run into sand, while the stratified gravel is more or 
less associated with deposits of sand. The sand, in most 
places, contains boulders, angular as well as rounded. The 
nearer to the mountains the smaller are the sand and stratified 
gravel deposits ; the farther from the mountains, and espe- 
cially in the vale of York, these deposits attain a great 
thickness, and spread out over wide areas. 
4. Tipper Boulder-Clay and Loam. — In various places I 
have found this deposit capping knolls of sand, or forming 
the upper part of terraces and platforms of gravel. In some 
places it is distinctly separated from, in others it graduates 
into, the underlying drift. Besides the above, there is a 
deposit to which the vague term icarp may be applied. It 
looks like a re-deposition, not by ordinary river-action, but 
by tides, at a time when the land was only slightly sub- 
merged. According to the late Mr. Teale (who, I believe 
without sufficient grounds, regarded it as a lacustrine forma- 
tion), it nowhere rises higher than 150 feet above the sea 
level. As I have not had much opportunity of examining it, 
I shall take no further notice of this warp. 
Sections of Boulder-Clays and Gravels in the Plain of 
Craven. — In a drain, at a low level, a short distance south of 
Settle, I saw a good section of hard blue clay, full of stones, 
and a similar clay may be seen at intervals in the railway 
cuttings between Settle and Skipton.* South-west of Settle 
a knoll consists entirely, so far as can be seen, of hard clay, 
with numerous large boulders of limestone. In the new rail- 
way cutting the clay is reddish-brown, but it is probable that 
there is blue clay underneath. The thickness, as shown in 
the river bank, cannot be less than 70 feet. The boulders are 
polished and scratched all round. Further south, in the new 
* Since writing the above I have traced the blue clay underlying the reddish 
or yellowisli-bi-own clay on the watershed traversed by the railway to the west of 
Settle, and nearly as far as the valley of Lune. 
