166 
made right and left, and consisted of several folds of leather 
fastened together with round-headed nails. Both sandals and 
shoes were characterised hy the number and size of the nails 
in the sole, which were frequently arranged in tasteful lines. 
The shoes had no heel, and the soles were double. The 
upper leathers were united between the upper and under 
portions of the soles before being nailed together. There was 
no sewing used excepting to unite the upper leathers in the 
front part of the foot, and this was done by a thin strip of 
leather, not with thread (pp. 326-443). Several were also 
found in digging the foundations of Carlisle gaol, which 
were of undoubted Roman manufacture. 
In E-oach Smith's Illustrations of Roman London are 
figures of Homan shoes found during excavations in various 
parts of the city, most of which w^ere of small size, and 
probably belonging to women, young persons, and some to 
children. A few, from eleven to thirteen inches in length, 
are presumed to have been men's shoes ; all, however, had been 
nailed. In the Free Public Museum at Liverpool is preserved 
a pair of Roman caliga found in a moss at a dej)th of eight 
feet, on the line of the Roman wall, near Port Carlisle, which 
differ from any of those found in London, approaching more 
to the calceus or perfect shoe, covering the heel and toes in 
close leather, but open down the front as far as the toes, with 
long narrow slashes cut on each side. JN^ow, it is not a little 
singular that the following important characteristics, to which 
I have alluded in the make of Roman shoes, are also to be seen 
in those now under consideration : — 
(1.) Roman shoes are invariably made right and left, and 
formed of one piece. . 
(2.) They were fastened in front by strong thongs through 
loops, to keep them tight across the instep, and 
the fronts were gashed both for ornament and 
ease, and the single union was sewn by a fine 
strip of leather or intestine of some animal. 
