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in tlie old EnglisTi language, the correspondent of the Latin 
OS oris being or, but with a limited ajDplication. The real 
meaning of ds, the only one it has in old English, must be 
a ''hero.'' 
(5.) Bad; a "saddle/' 
(6.) Ccen; in the poem it is a ''log" of wood on the fire ; 
in the Exeter Book the meaning " bold " is attached to it ; 
in the ISTorse poem it is an " ulcer." 
(7.) Glfic; a "gift." 
(8.) Wen; "hope." In the Exeter Book it is ivcen, a 
" wain ; " the Vienna MS. gives zvi/n, the " vine/' " wine," 
or "joy." I see no reason to retract my opinion with regard 
to this character and 5, that each is the symbol of a head, 
this of youth, that of age, and hence the abstract ideas zven 
" hope/' ixed " counsel." 
II. — (1.) Hcegl; "hail." I believe that the character 
symbolizes an "enclosure," and that this is the meaning of 
the word. 
(2.) Nyd; "necessity." The original meaning was per- 
haps a "bond" or "knot." For it was an old Teutonic 
custom, when a man espoused a woman, to write this rune 
on her nail, and we still speak of tying the marriage knot. 
The form of the rune may be the symbol of a knot, the 
secondary meaning would easily follow. 
(3.) Is; "ice." I believe it is rather is, isen, "iron." 
(4.) Gear; "year." The Norse futhorc has ar with the 
same sense; and here we have one instance of the name 
keeping its place in the system, though both the form and 
the value were changed. 
(5.) Eoh; interpreted "yew" tree, but that would be 
eow or iiv. All authorities agree in giving h as the final 
letter. It is very possible that its meaning was nearly the 
same as the following, which in the S. Gallon futhorc has 
nearly the same form ; old English eoh a "horse." 
