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can have been no other than this Olaf s cousin, E-eginald, son 
of Guthfrith. This was in 944, and would be a very probable 
occasion for the erection of such a monument by Olaf. This 
Olaf, too, was certainly a Christian. 
Hitherto I have never considered the question whether 
this cross could have been the monument of the first Olaf- 
That he died in England is extremely probable ; and, as his 
name never appears in our chronicles, which only record the 
movements of the army — (from York to Nottingham, in 868; 
from York again through Lincolnshire into East Anglia, in 
869 ; to Essex, in 870 ; to London, in 871 ; to Lincolnshire, 
in 872; to Mercia, in 873; one division to Cambridge, the 
other to Northumbria, in 874), in which he took part only 
in 870 — it is more probable that he died in Northumbria 
than in any southern province. In my " Essay on the Coins 
of the Danish Kings of Northumberland," I have shown that 
none of the other Danish leaders (Bagsecg, Halfdene, Ing- 
war or Ivar, Ubba, Godrum, Oskitel, Amund, Eowisl), could 
have remained in Northumbria during these six years, for 
every one but Eowisl, (slain in 867), is mentioned in the 
story of their ravages of the Southumbrian provinces ; and I 
have suggested that Deira was under the government of 
an Angle, tributary to the Danes, during this period, (as we 
know that Bernicia was), and that this was Barnred, of 
whom a single coin is extant. He need not, of course, be 
supposed to have reigned during the whole of the time ; he 
might be superseded by Olaf, or expelled, as Ecgberht, King 
of Bernicia, and Wulfhere, Archbishop of York, were in 
872. We have no evidence that he was a Christian, but 
he had reigned in Ireland for eighteen years previous to 
871, and so had had opportunities of intercourse with 
Christians, which his brethren in England had not. It is 
quite possible, then, that this may be his monument. 
Whether it be so, or a monument erected to the memory 
