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tlie word " rivals " has its derivation or root from rivus," 
and had its origin in this habitual tendency of the dwellers 
on river sides, as a normal state, to oppose and be at enmity- 
one with another. The wave of conquest seldom surges over 
the hills and mountains, but too often breaks over and spends 
its force upon the river banks. Of what sort, and what is 
the description of these dwelKngs and these encampments ? 
Are they found in Brigantia and elsewhere ; if so, what are 
their form and situation ? We have them in many diflferent 
localities. Where the uneven formation of the ground, the 
ruggedness of the hill sides, a difficulty of levelling or 
adapting the soil for the purposes of cultivation, an open 
heath, or unenclosed common has hindered the breaking up of 
the fallow ground, they yet remain in considerable numbers. 
They are scattered up and down this Yorkshire of ours in 
many out-of-the-way nooks and comers, sometimes planted 
over, at others concealed by brake, heather, and underwood — 
yet by the careful observer they may be traced oftentimes 
where least expected. They are to be found in many places 
in Yorkshire, some of which I will touch upon presently. 
I have found them in hundreds round the coast of Norfolk. 
They are to be seen at Cadeby overlooking " Strata-ford," and 
in the woods near Sprotbro. They are in large numbers, 
clear and well defined at Cusworth, the stone embankment 
round some of them distinct, and one in particular with an 
entrance of stone built up, still clearly visible. They are in 
clusters, and seem to have had a communication, as if 
members of a family had a group of these pit-dwellings to 
themselves. There is at the further end of these dwellings 
(at Cusworth) a very large earthwork or barrow, called Castle- 
hill, and the ground near them is scarped, and earthworks 
are to be traced, not, it may be, on so large a scale as at 
Melton, where the whole cliff looking down on Strata-ford^' 
is terraced, but still clearly to be made out. I have noted 
