260 
time unmemorial been the regular stages of days' marclies 
from eacli other. In some of these we ought to find fixed 
and heavy remains of the Roman period, such as all altars 
hypocausts, baths, tiles, and inscribed stones are admitted to 
be. But in some of these towns such undoubted evidences 
may be wholly wanting, and this will arise from the fact that 
every town and village in Brigantia was not occupied by a 
permanent Roman garrison; yet their existence in Roman 
times will be equally certain. Most of these places were 
inhabited by British populations alone, but under the Roman 
yoke. We are informed by the elder Pliny that the houses 
of the Britons were of timber, and were roofed with slates or 
thatched with straw. He, indeed, says that the Britons were 
celebrated for the ease with which they separated the lamina) 
of the flag-stones for the roofing of their houses. Such 
centres of the native tribes never received the impress of the 
Roman occupation, except when made into military stations. 
We must look for this impress in the garrison towns on the 
military Iters, rather than in the native villages of vicinal 
and British ways. Of the former, one or two instances may 
be briefly adduced. A road, which is the seventh Iter of 
Richard, extended from Ribchester, the Reregonium or 
Coccium of the Romans, to York. The distance between 
these two important strongholds was over seventy miles, and 
was divided into four stages. The first terminated at Colne, 
where the name of Casterclifle, with its remains of earth- 
works, and the discovery near them of the silver and copper 
coins of Gordian and others, found in a silver vessel, point 
out the site of the Alpes Penninas of Richard, and the 
Calunio of the Ravennas. The second stage was at Ilkley, the 
Olicana of the same Itinerary, where the second cohort 
of the Lingones was stationed, and where inscribed stones 
have preserved the names of two of its commanders, Claudius 
Pronto and Caecilius Lucanus* The third day's march 
