96 
WILLIAM SMITH : HIS MAPS AND MEMOIRS 
" That these bodies were not thrown haphazard nor in the state 
of confusion as before his time had been commonly beheved— in place 
of this confusion a constant order is to be recognised in the arrangement 
of the shells, certain individuals of ivhich keep apart and are not mixed 
with others which also have their tribes separate ; that certain in- 
dividuals are met constantly together, ivhilst others are never found in 
the same beds, in the same layers ; that these collections of fossil shells, 
at the surface of certain parts of our continent, were in the same state 
of arrangement and distribution, as in the basin of the sea, where 
certain testaceous animals live together occupying the same habitat, 
and there form those species of societies or families, just as do certain 
plants which grow always in association on the surface of the earth." 
CHRISTOPHER PACKE, 1743. 
Dr. Packe " invented and delineated " " A New Philosophico- 
chorographical Chart of East Kent," in which the valleys and other 
physical features were shown, with the chalk districts, stone hills, clay 
hills, etc. There is, however, no reference to stratification. Dr. Packe 
was proud of his work. It was no dream or devise, the offspring 
of a sportive or enthusiastical imagination, conceived and produced for 
want of something else to do, at my leisure in my study, but it is a real 
scheme, taken upon the spot with patience and diligence, by frequent 
or rather continued observations, in the course of my journeys of 
business through almost every the minutest parcel of the country ; 
digested at home with much consideration, and composed with as much 
accuracy, as the observer was capable of." 
JOHN MICHEL, 1760. 
An anonymous writer* in The Edinburgh Review for 1818 points 
out that the most important observations on the subject of stratifi- 
cation that had hitherto appeared were made by the Rev. John Michel, 
in a paper on The Course and Phenomena of Earthquakes," pubUshed 
in the Philosophical Transactions of 1760-1 In this contribution the 
author not only states the general appearance of the strata, their 
* This article was described by Phillips as "the most able, just, 
and discriminating survey of the progress of English Geology ever 
penned," and he implies that it was ^^ ritten by Dr. Fitton. 
t Vol. LI., Part II., p. 566., Sect. 37 to 49. 
