132 
WILLIAM SMITH : HIS MAPS AND MEMOIRS 
in consequence of an arrangement by which William Lowndes, Esq., 
of the Tax-office, a very strenuous and judicious friend of Mr. Smith, 
advanced £50 to pay for the cost of the first number. The expense of 
this work left to the author very little chance of profit. Mr. Sowerby 
estimated the cost of each number at £50 ; the gross sale price, suppos- 
ing the whole (250 copies) to be sold, would yield £93 15s., from which 
the expenses of publication, bookseller's charges, &c., were to be 
deducted.'" 
Following the title are two pages of Introductiox, in which we 
are informed that The Method of knowing the Substrata from each 
other by their various substances imbedded, will consequently shew the 
difference in their soils. All this is attainable by rules the most correct, 
and easily learnt, and also the simplest and most extensive that can 
well be devised ; for by the help of organised Fossils alone, a science is 
established with characters on which all must agree, as to the extent 
of the strata in which they are imbedded, those characters are universal ; 
and a knowledge of them opens the most extensive sources of informa- 
tion, without the necessity of deep reading, or the previous acquire- 
ment of difficult arts Fossil Shells had long been known to 
the curious, collected with care, and preserved in their cabinets, along 
with other rarities of nature, without any apparent use. That to which 
I have applied them is new, and my attention was first drawn to them, 
by a previous discovery of regularity in the direction and dip of the 
various Strata in the hills around Bath." He also points out that the 
fossils prove " two distinct operations of water," viz., those occurring 
in their original matrix in the strata, and the alluvial fossils," or 
derived fossils, found in gravels. 
In the next two pages (1 and 2), " Strata with organized fossils," 
is a summary of the country's rocks and their localities. " The 
northernmost of the three principal portions. North and South of the 
Humber, is small, long, and narrow, lying low, and as yet little known 
for organized Fossils, except large bones washed out of the crumbly 
cliffs of Holderness, which correspond mth those washed out of similar 
cliffs on the coast of East Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, East Kent, and South 
Hants." Pages 3-4 are devoted to " London Clay," with particulars 
of soil, subsoil, excavations, etc., origin of the same, area of outcrop, 
Lists of Fossils, etc. Similar information is given in reference to Crag 
(pp. 5-6) ; Upper Chalk (pp. 7-8) ; Lower or Hard Chalk, frequently 
