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APPENDIX C : STRATIFICATION OF HACKNESS HILLS 
By laws establislied in Geology and the help of organised fossils, 
the rocks in these hills are identified with the contemporaneous portions 
of their ranges through this Island to the extent of several hundreds of 
miles, and as w^ell on the Continent. They are verified by the localities 
thereof enumerated in PhilHps's Geology of Yorkshire, and further by 
the specimens exhibited in the Scarborough, Yorkshire, and numerous 
other museums, and by these means Philosophers are satisfied with the 
extent and accuracy of the Science, and Naturahsts thus know where to 
collect specimens of each rock, from cliffs, quarries, and other broken 
ground, but those comprehensive views of the subject which enable us 
to trace ranges of the respective strata from field to field and from hill 
to hill and assign to each their proper limits and so to construct 
Geological Maps on a large scale, must be sought in the visible changes 
which the different kinds of strata make on the earth's surface. Such 
for instance, as the principal ranges of hills and valleys, the contours of 
bills, swells or knolls on the sides of hills, the flatness or steepness of 
roads, the ranges of springs which some of the strata produce, the 
springs and streams, the wetness or dryness of land, and the different 
kinds of soil turned up by the plough, &c. 
In genera Rising these and numerous other circumstances essential 
to the science, we are assisted by the Avorks of art, both ancient and 
modern. In the earliest stages of population the dryest range of soil 
became a way-worn track, the shoal caused by a rock in the river a 
ford, and the best spring an abode. By the old method of trial and 
error, men found out the richest land, and by numbers assembling for 
a share thereof those parts became the most populous. In modern 
times the same original dry track became a road, the rocky ford the 
best place for a bridge, or a mill, and the finest spring near to dry and 
good land the best place for a town or village. 
Thus before trade and commerce had much interfered with man's 
original Agricultural employment, the greatest breadth of dry, good, 
land supported a city, and the next in degree a market town, and so 
on in gradation to the cottage. The best piece of good land in a village 
is commonly near the church, and that of a farm, near the house. 
Supply and demand afford and water made the union of water with dry 
good land everywhere essential to the site of population, and although 
this as at Stow-on-the-WoId and some other places seems to have been 
disregarded, yet a fine spring is at no great distance below and we find 
