APPENDIX D : AGRICULTURE 
235 
condition, and longer and fuller of mUk nearly to the time of Calving. 
Thus while the barely-keep-alive Farmer, who has nothing but the 
produce of his barn to depend on, and is obhged to thrash out and sell 
at any price, and also to provide straw for his starving Stock, the Winter- 
providing Farmer takes his corn to market to better advantage, and 
gets in, from fat stock sold about Xmas, or in the Spring, two of his 
principal returns toward Rent and turns out plenty of stock in a wealthy 
condition to fatten or fill the Pail, from a full bite on his pastures. 
As one evil is sm^e to follow another, so is one benefit linked to 
another ; for this reason, Cows and Ewes having been wintered well, 
the casualties of parturition and disease are reduced, and their progeny 
fatten and come to perfection sooner. Thus also, from his own 
increasing and improving Stock, he can retain and select as much 
as is required for the seasonably coming grass. And thus also, 
from a farm in arable and grass, or what is called a convertible 
soil, tilled for the purpose of growing crops to support the greatest 
possible quantity of Stock, he will never be in want of Manure, 
and will consequently grow good crops of corn upon what he tills, and 
from this, his Pork and Bacon, Beef, Mutton, Veal, Wool and the Dairy 
will have always something coming in to pay current expenses, and will 
never be at a loss to make up his rent. 
In this view of the routine upon a Farm, it may be seen how much 
of the Farmer's good or ill success depends upon his good or ill provision 
for winter. That to shorten winter as much as possible, and that at 
both ends of it, should be the Farmer's first object ; for if a man is 
improvident in that respect, it is evident he cannot succeed in farming. 
The long cessation of profitable growth in our pastures, must be arti- 
ficially supplied by preserving and extending the growth of our Summer 
through Autumn, Winter and Spring to the full commencement of the 
next Summer's crop of grass. It is evident too, that this mast be done 
by roots, and other succulent vegetables m a living or well preserved 
state ; fc r hay and straw, or, too commonly, straw alone for stock to 
subsist upon is like dry bread alone to a labourer. How can a poor 
skin-and-bone Cow, subsisting solely upon Straw, or dry Hay and water, 
be expected to give a sufficient quantity of rich and good milk ? Her 
milk must fail much sooner than that of a cow daily suppHed with 
succulent plants along with her hay. She will be in bad condition 
at calving, and ill-conditioned to fatten hex calf. An overgreat depend- 
ence upon Hay is also bad for the Farmer in a many other respects,, 
Q 
