410 
GRACE : THE GLACIAL GEOLOGY OF FURNESS. 
can only have been in use during the early part of the valley 
period. Later, the area betweer Beacon and Torver must have been 
more or less stagnant. The present surface of Torver Low Common 
is strikingly uneven, abounding in depressions with mounds of solid 
rock between. These depressions in some cases may be rock basins, 
but they are too much obscured by morainic material for this to be 
determined with certainty. In many respects this area closely re- 
sembles Lowick Common, which also has a barrier to the south, and 
we suggest that, in both cases, the unusual features were produced by 
standing ice forming an area of comparative stagnation, with the more 
active streams passing on either side. The Beacon outlet passes over 
Red Moss and forwards over the site of Beacon Tarn where it has left 
numerous glaciated surfaces. Then one stream of ice turned eastward 
and joined the main Crake Valley glacier at Cockenshell, and another 
turned westward over High Tarn Moss to Climb Stile, where there is a 
considerable accumulation of moraine. The valley down Hodge Wife 
Gill shews no signs of glaciation below the fall, and is distinctly 
water- cut. It undoubtedly carried a large stream of water at some 
time, and a delta still shews where this entered the Duddon Lake at 
100 feet. 
The Crake Valley was the most important outlet for the Coniston 
Glacier, and below Blawith must have carried a glacier quite two 
miles wide. We have traced four branches of this main glacier, two 
at Subberthwaite and Gawthwaite into the Duddon Estuary, and two 
at Wood Gate and Stainton Gap into the Broughton Beck Basin. We 
propose to describe these in detail. 
The valley down which the Subberthwaite branch passed is an 
impressive U-shaped trench almost a mile wide. The highest point in 
its floor is just over 400 feet, and its southern side rises very steeply 
to over 800 feet. Its northern side is not quite so high. Numbers of 
large erratics are strewn along its floor. At its western end there is 
clear evidence of a delta where it enters the Duddon Lake near Gill 
Wood. A smaller branch turned eastwards above Heathwaite and 
left a delta near Fell Gate. 
The valley of the Gawthwaite branch is not so easy to understand. 
Its general course is east and west at about 45 deg. to the direction 
of the ice stream. Its eastern portion shews no signs of glaciation, 
but the western half is strongly glaciated. It opens westwards into 
two valleys at Grisebeck and Hallstead, both of which certain deltaic 
