Vol. XIV.] [Part I. 
PROCEEDINGS 
OF THE 
YORKSHIRE 
GEOLOGICAL AND POLYTECHNIC SOCIETY. 
Edited by W. LOWER CARTER, M.A., F.G.S., 
AND WILLIAM CASH, F.G.S. 
1900. 
THE UNDERGROUND WATERS OF NORTH-WEST YORKSHIRE. 
PART I. THE SOURCES OF THE RIVER AIRE. 
I. Introduction. 
BY J. H. HOWARTH, F.G.S. 
Since Camden in 1590 wrote that "The Aire has its sources 
in the roots of Penny ghent,'' the sources of that river and the 
underground waters about Malham have been subjects of much 
interest and some mystery. What is the problem to be solved? 
It may be briefly stated thus : 
From the valley of the Ribble by Stainforth, Neals Ing, 
Capon Hall, and Malham Tarn runs a long strip of Upper 
Silurian rocks which die out under the Carboniferous Limestone 
just eastwards of Upper Gordale where the beck leaves the moor 
and takes to the gorge. This strip is brought up by the 
North Craven Fault, and its southern edge is sharply marked 
B 
