332 
HUGHES : INCiLEBOROUGH. 
in later times, and this again often results in their being deeply 
buried in glacial, alluvial, and terrestrial drifts. So that we have 
to study a very complex series of causes and effects to explain 
the present distribution of the exposures of these Bala beds. 
The ground-plan (Fig. 11) shows the relation of the Bala Beds and 
Silurian (Upper Silurian of Survey) to one another, and represents 
what we should see if all the Carboniferous and superficial deposits 
were swept off. Clapham Beck and its tributary torrent, Cat Hole 
Sike, have cut down to them, exposing a black shale witli calcareous 
bands or nodules, and thin beds of limestone. Traces of fossils have 
been found in Cat Hole Sike, and it is probable that a small 
excavation in that watercourse would give an opportunity of 
collecting a sufficient number of species to determine the liorizon. 
Fig. 11. 
GROUND-PLAN SHOWING RELATION OF SILURIAN AND BALA SERIES 
BENEATH THE CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS. 
The Mountain Limestone is faulted against them on the 
south, and, though the actual line of fault is not exposed, its 
position is seen above the footbridge at the north end of the 
lake in Mr. Farrer's grounds at Ingleborough, near Clapham, and 
a line of depression up the hill side probably marks its course. 
The Mountain Limestone gets more and more crushed as we 
follow it towards the waterfall, which represents ver}' nearly the 
north wall of the fault. Above this the stream tumbles over 
a succession of ledges formed by bands of limestone in shale. 
These beds have yielded a considerable number of ill-preserved 
