430 HIND : carboniferous rocks of the Pennine system. 
as far north as Kettlewell the Grits repose on the thick limestone, 
showing that the Pendleside series has quite disappeared. 
Mr. Tiddeman quotes a conglomerate bed which he thinks has 
been formed by masses of white limestone rolling down from cliffs 
or reefs of limestone and becoming embedded in shales deposited 
subsequently round these hypothetical structures. There is a crushed 
bed of limestone which might be called a conglomerate in a stream 
section east of Keal Hill, but unfortunately for this view the masses 
of limestone are not w^hite, nor do they contain the fossils of the so- 
called reefs and cliemical analysis shows that the latter limestone 
contains 9 7 '5 per cent, of CaCOg and '6 per cent, of silica, the lime- 
stones in the conglomerate (1) containing 36*7 per cent, of CaCO. 
and 54 0 per cent, of silica. 
The country between the Midland Railway and the boundary 
of sheet 60 of the one inch ordnance map is largely mapped as shales, 
through M^hich some few inliers of limestone appear. An examination 
of the area, the numerous quarries, the contour of the ground, the 
a^bsence of trees, boggy ground and streams point to a far larger 
area of limestone than is mapped. 
Commencing on the w^est, the side of the fell at Tosside shows 
at the Knotts a massive white limestone cropping out below the 
grit as a lenticular patch, but, owing to absence of stream sections, 
its extent cannot be well traced downwards. This limestone is litho- 
logically quite different from the Pendleside type, and contains a 
characteristic Carboniferous Limestone fauna. 
Corals. 
Lithostrotion and Zaphrentis. 
Crinoids. 
Chonetes papilionacea. 
Productus margaritaceus. 
Produdus giyanteus. 
GUjphiocsras crenistria, &c., &c. 
About three-quarters of a mile north of this, in an exposure 
behind the farm at Brockthorns, is another very interesting section, 
the beds being almost horizontal. This shows at the top : — 
