LAMPLUGH: GLACIATIOX IN VANCOUVER ISLAND. 
63 
runs out again and is lost before reaching the south end of the 
mass. Then again, though the strife in the deep gutters often cross 
the general direction at a considerable angle, I could not find that they 
followed any regular system; so that, after all, I was not able 
to decide whether all the deep gutters were contemporaneous 
or not. I often found it very difficult, in a limited area, to get the 
true direction on such highly inclined and constantly changing slopes, 
and the bearings which I did take are not very exact as I did not 
allow correctly for the deviation of the compass; but in these 
detailed studies I do not think that this will be found of much 
consequence. Dr. Dawson gives * S. 11*^ W., as the direction of 
the glaciation over this part of the island, this being the average 
result of several hundred observations. 
In wandering amongst rocks like these, so hard that the 
hammer was quite useless, and yet scooped and scored and dug into 
as though they were so many masses of cheese, one could not help 
being most forcibly impressed with a sense of the immense force 
with which the ice must have borne down on them ; a force exerted 
not only on exposed surfaces but apparently with equal violence in 
channels so narrow that it is difficult to understand how the ice 
managed to stir after having been jammed into them. From the way 
in which the rock walls were scored and undercut, tlie tongue of ice 
must have been driven through them almost Hke a piston-rod. And 
yet although one had such palpable evidence on the one hand of the 
enormous potentiaHty possessed by the ice, the evidence was equalh' 
clear on the other, that the actual work performed by it had not been 
great ; and that, though the surface had been so deeply scored, there 
had been no great mass of the fixed and solid rock removed. The 
general outline of the surface, the hills and hollows, and even the 
minor features — the narrow channels and isolated crags — seemed 
all to have belonged to the pre-glacial surface, and to have been 
in all probability the outcome of aerial erosion. 
This important conclusion once arrived at, constantly recmred 
to me in examining these sections, till .1 came to regard even the 
gutters and deeper grooves as crevices which the ice had rarely done 
-* Supra cit. 
