68 LAMPLUGH: GLACIATION IN VANCOUVER ISLAND. 
clay with stones, closely resembling- till, and another small 
patch without stones. These out-cropped from the foot of a 
cliff of well-bedded and water-worn gravel and sand 40 feet high, 
which extended close up to the face of the precipice of ice ; the gravel 
was overlaid at the time of m}^ visit by a flange of ice about 60 feet 
thick. The ice seemed to flow down from the main mass of the glacier' 
though as there was only a very narrow strip of beach, I could not 
get far enough back from the precipice to see clearly the connection 
between them. The gravels and ice together formed an ahnost 
vertical face of about 100 feet, yet the gravels showed no traces of 
disturbance. The ice was very full of debris and seemed to come 
from that part of the glacier which bore the lateral moraine. It 
thinned out rapidly after leaving the main-body, but had evidently 
once extended much further than when I saw it, for it tapered away 
into a loose deposit of stones and clay which capped the gravels to 
the end of the section. This deposit cut down into the gravels in 
places ; but there were no traces of disturbance at the junction, 
which was one of clear sharp erosion. 
The glacier, which is diminishing so rapidly that an island now 
above a mile distant is said by old Indians to have been embedded in 
the ice during their recollection, has shrunk away from the mountains 
on the eastern side for some distance, forming a triangular hollow 
w^hose base-line on the beach I should estimate had a length of about 
half-a-mile, and whose greatest length could not have been far short 
of two miles. 
In this hollow were curious ridges of sand and gravel mixed 
with rough boulders, which reminded me of kames. These generally 
ran roughly parallel to the glacier, but were crossed and confused 
in places by other less regular masses. I found ice hidden under the 
gravel in some of these ridges, and think I understand how they 
were formed, but as it is my desire to avoid all theory in these 
brief notes, I will not now enter further into their origin. 
I may here remark that amongst the very great number of 
boulders seen during the day, I only noticed one which showed 
glacial striae. This was on the surface of the moraine not far above 
the beach. Under the guidance of a western gentleman who had 
