VINE: NOTES ON YOEEDALE POLYZOA. 
85 
Actinosoma fenestralum, A. W. Waters, Trans. Geol. Soc, Man- 
chester, p. 
= Actino stoma feneMratum, Vine, Proc. Yorksh. Geol. Soc, 1881. 
= Fenestella nodulosa, Shrubsole, Quart. Joiir. Geol. Soc, May, 
1879, p. 280. 
The cell characters of this species are similar to the above — 
denticulate — only that the species is fenestrated. In the earlier 
paper of Mr. G. W. Shrubsole, he placed this form as a synonym 
of Phillips' Fenestella nodulosa, " as possibly the full development 
and true type of the species," but in his later paper (op. cit., May, 
1881), though dropping- the synonym Mr. Sln^ubsole still regarded 
Actinostoma fenestralum as probably F. nodulosa, in its perfect 
condition. I cannot help but re;^'ard the species as distinct ; but 
there is much to be said on both sides, and the student would do 
well to consult both authorities on the subject before describing- 
dog-matically on either side. 
Localities: Yoredale ; Gleaston Castle, Holker Paik, X. Lancas. 
Hurst, W. Yorksh. 
The species is not abundant in the Lancashire shales, but I 
have met with a few fiag-nients. 
19. Spiniferous processes of FENESTELLA and AcTlNuSTOM^. 
These hook-like appendages of Polyzoa are often met with, and 
are fairly abundant, in the Lancashire shales. The specimens are 
both delicate and robust, and when in situ are found on the outer 
margins of the fenestrated species, as well as on the obverse and 
reverse of several forms — even including- Fohjpora species. On the 
bases of F. jjlehea they serve as an anchor by which the young 
zoarium is safely moored to some foreign substance. The Messrs. 
Young figures several examples in the works already referred to ; 
and in Science Gossip, October and November, 1879, I figured, and 
also described several forms that are more frequently met with in 
the shales. 
These spiniferous processes, though of a somewhat similar 
character as Palaocoryne of authors, are not included in the descrip- 
tions of figures of Messrs. Duncan and Jenkins' original paper 
on Palseocoryne proper. 
