208 DAVIS: RELATIVE AGE OF THE REMAINS OF MAN IN YORKSHIRE. 
The Victoria Cave is given as a typical example of many others 
which exist, and have been explored in Yorkshire. The animals of 
the lower stratum are the same as those found in Kirkdale Cave, 
explored by Dr. Buckland, and in the Raygill Fissure, in Lothersdale, 
which has been investigated on behalf of the Yorkshire Geological 
and Polytechnic Society, during the past two or three years. At 
Leeds, also in the river gravels, similar animals ^have been found, and 
in addition to those named, the teeth and bones of the hippopotamus 
have been discovered. It ought also to be mentioned that the Raygill 
Fissure has afforded an example of the tooth of the lion. It would 
be interesting to give a detailed account of this fissure and its 
contents, but it is unncessary to do more than call to mind a period in 
the remote past, when Yorkshire po«?sessed a much more genial chmate 
than it has at present, which rendered possible the existence of 
animals, many of which are denizens of tropical regions. If man 
existed here in those times his ears would be familiar with the roar 
of the lion and the heavy tramp of the elephant, Hippopotami 
disported themselves in the Wharfe, the Aire, and the Calder, on the 
banks of which the rhinoceros, the bison and the deer, with many 
other animals of smaller size, left impressions of their frequent visits. 
Whilst away, skulking behind the rocks in the hills, the hysena 
prowled in search of prey. 
Turning now to the East Riding, the surface of which is largely 
formed of the chalk Wolds; hills rising to a height of 400 to 800 
feet above the sea level with ramifying vallies interspersed, through 
which, however, no stream runs, the rain being absorbed by the 
chalk, like a sponge, and carried to the sea by underground percol- 
ation. On the wolds there are numerous evidences of an early people 
about whom tlj^re is no historical record. On the surface of this 
country the plough has turned up innumerable objects made from 
flint; arrow heads, points of spears, implements used for pounding 
corn, others apparently, used in dressing hides, hammers, knives, 
pointed tools, pot-boilers, and many others. These have, undoubtedly, 
been fashioned by the hand of man; but of themselves they do not 
afford a very perfect idea of the style of individual that man was. 
Fortunately, there is other evidence. All through the district there 
