holmes: pre-historic remains of rombalds moor. 289 
earth graves of the people of less regard. We have no chambered or 
dolmen graves upon Rombalds Moor, nor, with a few exceptions, are 
there any single pillar stones which could fairly be identified with 
either grave or memorial. The exceptions are Cooper's Cross, on the 
west, near the old Roman track from Keighley to Ilkley, and the 
Lanshaw lad and lass," uprights at each end of the Lanshaw 
Delves. One or two others are probably still remaining as boundary 
stones ; there may have been more of both stone tumuli, circles, and 
pillars in the olden times, for over a thousand years we have the fact 
of clearances and utilisation of stones for any purpose, and that still 
going on. 
But while lacking many of the pre-historic features common in 
other localities we have an abundance of pre-historic evidence of 
another character. Thus under the head of religion, or superstition, 
we may class those incised stones or slabs, known as the "cup and 
ring marked rocks." In this way for the time we will consider these 
singular remains of Rombalds Moor, even though we may come to 
give a much more utilitarian character to some of them. 
Stone marking has been common all over the world, whenever 
men have sought to register objects or ideas that they wished to 
perpetuate: and people have observed stone markings as long as they 
have observed anything. We have had observations noted, in a 
casual way, of what is now called cup and ring incisions, from the 
time of Borlase, who published a very accurate description of them, 
as figured upon dolmen top-stones in Cornwall, 1769. Cup and ring 
marked rocks were noticed at old Berwick, Northumberland, 1825, 
and at Carnban, Scotland, 1830. Sir Gardner Wilkinson pointed out 
ring marks upon the Solkeld circle, Cumberland, 1835, but not until 
the Rev. Canon Greenwell of Durham, and i\[r. George Tate of 
Alnwick, discovered simultaneously, a series in Cumberland in 1851-4, 
that any especial notice of them was taken. These being shewn at 
the Archaeological Meeting at Newcastle, 1863, it was found that 
others had seen similar markings in other parts of England, Scotland, 
and Ireland; and then it was found that such markings had been seen 
in places all over the world. The cup and rings were first figured as 
such, significantly, in the London Illustrated News, March 19th, 
