296 holmes: pre-historic remains of rombalds moor. 
but the evidences are clear in the similar form and significance. 
The forms or modes of phallic symbols vary in different countries, 
although the principles and meanings are identical. In the North, 
Thor's Hammer and the Fylfot were identical with the Tree and 
Serpent of India, and of the Bull and Cow or Isis and Horus of 
Egypt, and of Jumbo in Africa and Fiji. These symbols all typified 
the ideas of the powers of nature, and of the estimate in which these 
were held. 
It is at this stage of human evolution and art that we attribute 
the rearing of pillars, and the erection, formation, and modification of 
rude stone monuments" all over the world. Feelings in common 
will naturally generate ideas, and even symbols in common, under 
given conditions, without any communication or personal associations. 
We may thus understand that the high monolith of Rudstone, in 
North Yorkshire, and the Devil's Arrows of Boroughbridge may be 
erected for the same reason as those of Carnack, in Britany. So we 
can realise that the circles of Salkeld, near Penrith ; of Arberlaw, in 
Derbyshire; and of Stonehenge, near Salisbury, with thousands of 
others widely separated all over the world, may originate in a common 
feeling which naturally exhibits itself in a similar way at times and 
places most remote. We can trace how a single stone may increase 
into a circle or vary to a Dolmen or Cromlech. Or we can realise 
how such memorials may be identified with sacred events, as Jacob's 
Pillar, or the Stone Ezel of i. Samuel xx. 19, or to the grave stones of 
this day. 
Stone pillars, or other symbolic monuments, would naturally be 
figured by the symbols further expressive of their own import ; and 
we may thus account for all the cups, rings, circles, ovals, spirals, and 
serpentine markings found upon pillar stones, of which the figuring 
upon the Calder Stones, near Liverpool, figures by Sir Jas. Y. Simp- 
son, and the phallic stones in Vol. 11. of " Fiji and the Fijians," p. 
220, are characteristic examples.* Of their import Mr. J. B. War- 
ing, in his able work on the " Origin and Progress of Symbol 
Worship," [London, 1874, p. 95] says " Through the unknown ages 
* These circlep are instanced as significant, but others equally so are found 
in Ireland, Brittany, Sweden, India, Moab, and Peru. 
