holmes: pre-historic remains of rombalds moor. 309 
In the recent discoveries of Dolmen and incised pillar stones in Moab, 
they find no corresponding " house property," while they do find 
rock caves, which were in all probability used as dwellings, and then 
utilised as tombs. But at Ilkley, with plenty of rocky crags, and 
lines of vertically exposed rocks, nooks and cracks, we find none 
that can be positively claimed as dwelling places. This negation of 
dwellings, where there must have been at one time a considerable 
population living, does show positively a very rude, crude, and in 
fact wretched condition of living. Even if the moor was then more 
covered by foliage, the trees found in the bogs of oak, firs, Ac, 
prove that the winters would be at times very severe. And how 
they lived through them without coal and no means of clothing is a 
problem well worth the attention of our present prominent social 
reformers. It is certain, however, that they did live, and that they 
worked, and, therefore, they must have had dwellings and imple- 
ments for work. But of these latter we have really very few 
remains. Flint flakes are not rare on the moor, they may be found 
on the bare places after wet windy weather, which tends to wash out 
and expose these characteristic object;s. A few rude, and one or two 
fairly formed arrow heads have been found, and one well formed 
thumb-flint, as previously named ; but of the knives, saws, driUs, 
daggers and other objects of more perfect art in flint, we have as 
yet no instances upon Rombalds Moor ; nor is there any instance 
found of hole-drilled large hammer heads, not uncommon in York- 
shire, both in flint and sandstone ; nor is there one single evidence 
of bronze, or of any other metal being found upon Rombalds Moor, 
while bronze celts have been found at Keighley, and at Yeadon ; 
where also some years ago there was a very valuable twisted Torque 
discovered, of fine gold. A very rare, but unmistakeable pickaxe, of 
Red Deer's horn, was dug up at 16 feet deep in cutting the sewers 
in Groove Road, Ilkley, about 1860. This implement, found by Mr. 
Hainsworth, is very significant. It is clearly before the time of 
iron, the use of which the Romans knew and made extensively at 
Ilkley ; witness the various large slag-heaps still existing, or being 
just carted away for roads. The horn which was used as the 
pick was well worn and cracked by working, having grit-sand bedded 
