364 adamson: sections exposed in skipton and ilkley railway. 
we arrive at Cutting No. 5, which forms the entrance to the tunnel. 
It is about 120 yards long, and at the mouth of the tunnel GO feet 
in depth. This is likewise through boulder clay. Along the sides 
of the cutting were huge heaps of the boulders which had been 
extracted ; these were carefully examined, and appeared to be nearly 
all local gritstones or mountain limestone. This boulder clay rests 
directly upon the limestone, and a section was seen showing the 
junction, the limestone dipping, at an angle of about 55 degrees. 
Where the boulder clay had been entirely removed, the weathered 
surface of the limestone was exposed, and this showed well the 
corrugations arising from denudation so familiar upon limestone 
surfaces. When making this cutting a pot-hole was discovered in 
the underlying limestone, fall of peat and silt, it was excavated and 
drained for a depth of 6 feet, and then filled up with stone. The 
tunnel will, when completed, be 220 yards in length, and lies about 
due north and south. The strata met with thus far in excavating 
the tunnel are boulder clay and limestone, the former interbedded 
with gravel and silt, and again limestone, through which they were 
then driving. From the top of the tunnel (which runs under the 
western spur of Haw Bank Quarry) a magnificent view was obtained, 
right in front being Embsay Crag, with the pretty village of Embsay 
nestling beneath; sweeping eastwards are Halton Heights, with 
the thickly wooded hamlet of Halton East ; further on Simon's Fell 
and Beamsley Beacon. Turning to the south-east could be seen one 
of the long ridges of Skipton Moor; on the opposite side of the 
Skibeden Valley, westwards, the horizon could be seen bounded by 
Pendle Hill, and Longridge Fell in Lancashire ; working round north- 
wards are the gritstone peaks of Flashy Fells and Rylstone Fell, 
till the circuit was completed by Crookrise and Deer Gallows on 
Embsay Moor, one of those majestic stretches of landscape which 
enables the geologist to grasp the physical features around him. 
The other entrance to the tunnel, which is approached by cutting 
No. 5a, is a little over 600 yards in length, and greatest depth 60 
feet (at the mouth of the tunnel). The lowermost bed was again 
the stiff, blue, stony till, overlaid by fine loamy sand showing bedding 
planes, some being cross-bedded, this was capped by another clay, 
