lamplugh: buried cliff at sewerby. 
391 
times. If this old shore could be followed I suspect we should 
fiud the deposits cut out wherever the cliff line trends north and 
south, and preserved only where it runs east and west so as to 
afford a " lee-side." Pre-glacial cliff-and-valley-escarpments in the 
neighbourhood which face north or north-east, often show signs of 
displacement and surface contortion. 
CoxcLUDiXG Notes. 
At the period when these beds were being deposited Flambro' 
Head was already in existence as a bold headland of chalk-cliffs, and 
the stormy billows of an open sea already beat upon it. But it formed 
a far more striking feature than at the present day, for not only did 
it then reach out further to seaward, but the sea also ran far inland 
under its flanks, the whole of Holderness being under water, and the 
chalk cliffs instead of ending with the headland as at present, 
stretched on in a long line that followed the sweep of the Wolds 
across Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, broken only by a few shallow 
creeks running into the land and by the deeper estuary of the 
Humber. The climate was mild and equable, but now and again a 
stray mass of ice from afar may have drifted into the bay, telHng of 
changes to come. 
Then there came a slight alteration in the level of the land, or, 
it may be, only in the set of the tides, so that the waves of the sea 
could no longer reach their former bounds and a long sandy beach 
began to form in many places at the foot of the cliffs. And some- 
times the wind at low tide seized this sand and drove it up in eager 
clouds to build up a growing line of sand-dunes under the shelter of 
the abandoned cliff ; and bye-and-b5^e these sand-dunes topped the 
cliff, and the sand drove on over the sloping wold. 
Then, in later times the ice came down, filling the sea-bed with 
its huge glaciers, pressing hard against the coast till it reached the 
northern face of the headland and there, piling itself liigher and 
higher, it over-rode the great cliffs and poured over into the bay, and 
and coalesced with other masses that had come far from the north- 
east. And in its course it passed smoothly over these sheltered 
beds, preserving them for our study under its rough mantle. 
Such is one chapter in the great history of the headland, and 
now the sea is slowly coming to it? ow^n again, and as it marches to 
