DAVIS: ANCIENT TLINT-USEHS OF YORKSHIRE. 
425 
savagery to the present time. Such circumstances exist in the far 
cold north, or in arid districts of Western Australia, and the still 
more dreadful districts of Terra-del-Fuego, In the two latter, old and 
useless members of the community are killed and eaten in times of 
scarcity. The greatest cruelty prevails, and wild superstitions cause 
the natives unutterable terrors.''' The primitive man was a slave to 
nature; in continual terror before dangers which he did not under- 
stand, and could not guard against. Nature to him was an appalling 
mystery out of whose bowels anything might issue. He lived in a 
haze of fetichisni. Not a leaf might flutter, not an animal cross the 
path, no distant thunder roll, or raven croak unseen, but heralded to 
him some spirit only too malign. Those who have observed in a 
distant camp or remote village of savages the midnight alarms, the 
whispered fears, the wild unfounded rumours, the cowering before 
the most simple physical phenomena if only unfrequent — only those 
can have a realizing sense of the horrors nature unfolds for the 
ignorant yet thinking savage. To w^hat extent the ancient savages 
who occupied the hills and dales of Yorkshire resembled their existing 
representatives in these distant parts of the world we do not know ; 
but, for the credit of the county, let us hope only to a small one. 
That the struggle for a living was a severe one there can be little 
doubt, but that the naturul produce of the soil, and of the rivers and 
sea was probably sufficiently abundant to render unnecessary, except 
under very rare circumstances, a resort to cannibalism may be reason- 
ably inferred. 
NOTE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF LINGULA IN THE MILLSTONE GRIT SERIES, 
WEST OF RIPON. BY REV. J. STANLEY TUTE, B.A. 
During the excavations in making reservoirs for new water works 
for Ripon, on Lumley Moor, about seven miles west of that city, a 
bed of black shale was exposed intercalated with others. It is difficult 
to fix the exact horizon of these shales, but they seem to be those 
which occur below the Follifoot grit. In the black shale was dis- 
covered examples of Lingula, which have been identified by !Mr. R. 
Etheredge, F.R.S, as Lingula credneri^ or L. mijtiloides. This discovery 
is interesting, being the first recorded from the Millstone grit strata 
of this district. 
♦ Pre-historic America. Nadaillac 1885 p. 521~ 
