446 CASH : FOSSIL FRUCTIFICATIONS OF YORKSHIRE COAL MEASURES. 
he seems to take a quite difierent view of these fructifications thus, — 
" Les Calanwdendrons, les Arthropitus, certains AsteropliylUtes^ les 
Annularice^ &c., presentent egalment leurs fi'uctifications disposees 
d'une maniere assez pen dilferente, cest a dire sous forme dhpis com- 
poses altei nativement de verticilles feriiles;" he then proceeds to discuss 
the fruit of Calamodendivn, and after describing the fruit spike, 
sporangia and spores conchides that " the compHcation of organization 
of the sacs contained in the fruit spikes of Calamodendrons, and that 
of the reproductive bodies which the}" contain, bring us to the con- 
chision that we have here to do with pollen sacs and pollen grains, 
and that the Calamodendrons are phanerogams by their roots, their 
stems, and their frudijications." 
H. Graf zu Sohns-Laubach (Einleitung in die Palaophytologie, 
Leipsic, 1887), p. 339, refers to these views of Professor Renault : — 
"Quite recently Renault, who formerly included all these 
before - mentioned fruit spikes among his Asterophyllites and 
Annulariae, has formed the opinion that one part of them belongs 
as male elements (mannliche Bliithen) to the genera Arthropitys 
and Galaniodeiidron, Calamostachys Binneyana and C. Grand 'Euryi 
are especially mentioned as such, and their spores are straight- 
way called pollen grains. He relies partly upon the structure of the 
ligneous bodies of the pith; partly upon the detailed examination of 
the spores, in which he recognises an inner cell arrangement of the 
kind seen in the pollen of Cordaites. He refers, by comparison, at 
the same time to the tetragonal arrangement of the spores to the 
tetradic Angiosperm pollen; then to the fact that similar tetragons 
have been found in the pollen cells of certain Trigonocarpons as well 
as of Gnetopsis trigona. It is difficult to criticise so dogmatic a 
description, especially as the fundamental basis (grandlagen) is very 
short and preliminary. However, I should like to say a few words. 
There is no analogy of a male blossom (mannliche Bliithe) consisting 
of fertile and sterile leaf-whorls. It is not sufficient proof that we 
find solitary tetra-spores in the pollen vessel of wind fertilised 
Gymnosperms; every cell which is smaller than the micropyle opening 
will, if it gets attached to it, enter it. Tetradically connected spores 
are not indeed known, but are by no means impossible. The inner 
