320 
PRE-HISTORIC MAN. 
a condition that nothing could be made out as to its shape. Orna- 
ments for personal decoration have frequently been found, large gold" 
torques for the neck are not uncommon, and frequently of beautiful 
design and workmanship. Similar ornaments, but smaller, adorn the 
arms and sometimes the ankles. Plating of one metal upon another 
was done very skilfully, gold has been found plated upon bronze. 
Necklaces are abundant, and of very various materials, gold, glass, 
amber, clay, and most frequently jet. In the latter material they 
have occurred in most varied shapes and ingenious arrangements. It 
is probable that many of the rings used for bracelets may have served 
the purpose of money, as well as for decoration. In Nubia, and other 
parts of Africa, ring money similar to this is used at the present day. 
Their skill in manufacturing weapons for warfare was very great, and 
some of their leaf-shaped swords and spear heads exhibit exquisite 
form and skilful workmanship. They used shields, circular in form, 
and made of hammered bronze. Specimens of these have been found 
in Northumberland and Durham. The offensive arms were the sword, 
spear, javelin, dagger, sling and bow, the first four made in bronze. 
The sword A^aries from 20 to 30 inches in length, and was meant for 
thrusting. The spear and javehn heads are of various sizes, and 
sometimes have loops at the sides for attachment to the shaft. The 
usual mode of fixing, however, is by a single rivet through the socket. 
The dagger is short, broad, and strong, and is frequently found 
buried with its owner. The arrows were always tipped with flint, no 
example of a bronze arrow-head having been found. There appears 
to be little doubt that for purposes where flint was either more useful 
or more accessible than brouze it continued to be used until the 
termination of the bronze period. Five examples of a chariot have 
been found, in each case buried with their owner. The wheels were 
about 3 feet in diameter, and the rim was of iron. The chariots 
were small, as were also the horses that pulled them. Associated 
with them were quantities of rings, bits, and other articles of 
bronze, sometimes beautifully enamelled, which had formed the 
trappings of the horses, and ornamental parts of the chariot, and 
which show to what perfection in metal work these people had arrived. 
Of the flint implements, one of the commonest is what is termed a 
