336 
PROCEEDINGS, 1859 — 1870. 
denuded before the Upper SiluriaiLS were deposited. This may be 
seen near Austwick, where on the south side of Southwaite Farm 
there is, at the base of the Coniston FLag Series, a red conglomerate 
resting on shales of Lower Sihirians. The division may be equally 
well seen in other places, and substantiates the classification of Prof. 
Sedgwick, w'ho separated the Coniston Flags from the Coniston Lime- 
stone, placing the former at the base of the Upper Silurian Series of 
the Lake district. The red conglomerates about Kirby Lonsdale and 
Sedburgh, regarded as Old Red Sandstone, are evidently the waste 
of neighbouring land, re-sorted on the sea bottom, formed during the 
time preceding the growth of the Mountain Limestone. The view of 
Prof. Ramsay, wlio regarded these conglomerates as having a glacial 
origin, was regarded as somewhat doubtful. Prior to the deposition of 
the Mountain Limestone, tlie Silurian Rocks were planed down and 
reduced to a more or less even surface, and indicate an enormous 
lapse of time between the two formations. The phenomena indicated 
by the clays and drifts of the glacial period received considerable 
attention. The drifts appear to be divided into three parts ; the 
lowest is a stiff blue or brown clay of great density and hardness : 
the next is a common drift of a more arenacious character ; and the 
third consists of morainic matter left by the receding glaciers as the 
climate grew v/armer, something allied to kames and eskers. The 
direction of the great glaciers descending the deep gorges between the 
Howgill and Wild Boar Fells, across Grassdale and Dentdale, over the 
hilly ranges called the Riggs, along Holme Fell to tlie Lune Valley, 
is traced by the scratches left on the hill sides where the hard rocks 
have been bared. The interesting collection of Silurian grits resting 
on the Mountain Limestone plateau of Norber was described. They 
were considered to be due to the action of the glacier Avhich 
filled the valley between Ligleboro' and Pennyghent. 
Prof. Louis C. Miall,at the same meeting, read a paper on the great 
system of Anticlinals in South Craven. They occupy a considerable 
area south of Settle, extending towards Colne, and are well exposed 
at Rainhill and Thornton, where the low hills occupying the valley 
have been extensively quarried. The rocks consist of argillaceous 
shales passing into black laminated limestone, w hich rests immeciiately 
