PROCEEDINGS, 1859—1870. 
347 
and it affords an admirable position for placing a camp for the main- 
tenance of the ford and the protection of the district. The earth 
from each dwelling is thrown up in a horse-shoe form to make a 
platform for the erection of the stakes or trees to cover their dwellings 
and uphold the roof of ling or turf, as well as for protection against 
the wind. Similar dwellings, which the author attributes to the old 
Brigantes, occur near Danby Beacon, and on the top of Ingleboro', as 
well as other places. In addition to the 50 pits on this eminence, 
others are found in the fields adjoining, more or less obliterated by- 
farming. Other implements were found, as well as a quantity of iron 
slag, which was evidently the result of some process of iron smelting, 
and very similar to large quantities of the same material which had 
been obtained from the cliffs between Cromer and Weyburn, where 
an immense number of pit dwellings had been found. 
Mr. F. A. Leyland read a paper in 1870 on certain Roman Roads 
in Yorkshire in use at the present day. He traced a road from 
Ribchester, the Coccium of the Romans, to York ; the distance is 
about 70 miles, and was divided into four stages, the first at Colne, 
the second at Ilkley (Olicana), the third at Wetherby, and the fourth 
at York. A second iter was traced from York to Chester, the inter- 
mediate stations being Leeds : Slack, at Longwood, between Halifax 
and Huddersfield ; the third, Mancunium, or Manchester ; and 
Chester. A third road was traced between Doncaster and Ribchester, 
with Halifax as an intermediate station. Much valuable information 
is given of discoveries of Roman remains at the places mentioned and 
along the lines of the several roads. Mr. Leyland concluded that 
most itinera improved by Ostorius or Agricola, have been in use ever 
since, and constitute the turnpike and packhorse roads of the present 
day. He infers that the numerous roads were rendered necessary by 
the vast military operations of the Romans at the time that they 
were formed, and indicate a continually impeding resistance some- 
where within or about the district, which rendered these costly and 
formidable defences necessary, though history is for the most part 
silent on the important and stirring events which necessarily accom- 
panied, at frequent and sudden intervals, the subjugation of this 
province. 
