PROCEEDINGS, 1871—1877. 
359 
The bones present the characteristic appearance due to the gnawing 
and cracking of the hyaena, and the dung of this animal occurs in 
great abundance. A fibula which was submitted to Professor Busk 
and other specialists, was stated to be that of a man who lived in 
the district when the animals were roaming over the hills of Craven. 
The presence of these animals appears on the whole to indicate a 
warm climate. The hyaena floor is situated about 20 feet below the 
base of the laminated clay. On the surface of the laminated clay 
are several antlers of reindeer, and above the laminated clay the bed 
of mud and fallen stones. The upper cave-earth contains the following 
animals : — Fox, grizzly bear, brown bear, badger, horse, pig, reindeer, 
red-deer, and goat or sheep. Included amongst these remains have 
been found bones which have been cut or scratched by man, probably 
with a flint implement. The chief value of the exploration of the 
Victoria Cave lies in the opportunity which it gives of correlating 
the ancient fauna contained in it, and which are elsewhere associated 
with the bones or handiwork of man, with certain great events in 
geological time. The fibula found in the hysena bed gave rise to a 
large amount of discussion, and the opinion of Professor Busk that it 
was the fibula of a man has been to a large extent discredited. One 
of the scratched bones was obtained in deposits 25 feet below the 
original surface, it is the dorsal end of a rib, the articulating surface 
being broken off". On it there are at least nine transverse scratches, 
with others less distinct joining them obliquely, and one longitu- 
dinally near the head. They are quite unlike the gnawings of either 
rodents or carnivorous animals. This was discovered in 1875. In 
1876, another small bone was found, bearing evident tool marks. It 
occurred at a depth of 15 feet in the hyaena bed, surrounded by bones 
and teeth of hyaena, bear, elephant and rhinoceros. The marks upon 
it are clean cuts made by a sharp instrument. As these bones appear 
to show evidence of the presence of man at the same period as the 
animals indicated, it only remains to prove that they were pre-glacial, 
and the age of man is carried back to a similar period. There can 
be little doubt that the laminated clay, with ice-scratched stones and 
the glacial deposits outside the cave, were accumulated at a period 
subsequent to the formation of the lower cave-earth, in which the 
