PROCEEDINGS, 1871 — 1877. 
remains of these animals occur. Additional evidence in support of 
this has since been provided by the investigation of the Raygill 
fissure, where earth, containing remains of similar animals, was 
covered up and enveloped by glacial clays washed into the fissure at 
a subsequent period to the animal remains. There is every probability, 
therefore, that the animals existed in this part of the country before 
the glacial deposits were made, bat whether they are altogether pre- 
glacial, or whether they have existed intermediate between two periods 
of glaciation, there is no evidence to prove. 
The glacial deposits of the Bradford basin formed the subject of 
a communication by Mr. Thomas Tate. These deposits are interesting 
as indicating the southerly extent on the east of the Penine Chain of 
the Xorth of England ice-sheet. Whilst the Thornton railway was 
being formed in Riple}" Fields, a bed of till, 8 feet thick, was exposed, 
at a depth of 25 feet. It is a tough, fine-grained, blue clay, which 
effervesces freely on the application of hydrochloric acid. Numerous 
sub-angular and well-rounded boulders of limestones, grits, and shales 
are included in it . The harder rocks are polished and ice-scratched. 
This till closely resembles similar beds near Skipton. Resting upon 
an eroded surface of the till is a second blue clay 15 feet thick. It 
differs from the former in containing a larger percentage of well- 
rounded small pebbles of the crystalhne limestone of Settle. It is of 
a looser and more open texture, and on exposure to the air acquires 
a brownish tint. The same clay is seen in the new siding on the 
Midland Railway at Shipley Fields, where the lower till may be seen 
resting upon a pre-glacial river gravel . Other exposures have been 
observed at Bowling Park, at Bowling Ironworks, Bradford Moor, and 
in Leeds-road it was exposed in an excavation for the new gasworks. 
Outside the Bradford area it has been seen in Beck-road, at Keighley, 
and at the head of Shipley Glen, behind Tong Park, and at Esholt 
Hall ; but it is nowhere present east, south, or w^est of the area 
drained by the Bradford Beck. The upper clay had been regarded by 
some geologists as re-arranged till. The author contested this view, 
and considered that the two beds are essentially one continuous 
deposit, resting where the land-ice left it. The lower beds, with 
Skipton blue limestone, were the first to be pushed into the Bradford 
