THE LAST DECADE. 
417 
and at Orowle, in Lincolnshire, and it is reached by borings at several 
places in the neighbonrhood of Goole. At Holme-on-Spalding Moor 
it rises into a detached hill 150 feet in height. At a boring at Reed- 
ness the Keuper extends to a depth of 342 feet, where it rests on the 
Bunter. The total thickness of the former is estimated at 700 feet, 
and of the latter at 1,270 feet. The Bnnter rises into hills at Brayton 
Barf and Hambledon Hangh respectively 175 feet and 150 feet in 
height. The junction of tlie Bunter Sandstone with the underlying 
Permian Limestone is nowhere exposed. An appendix to the paper 
gives a number of sections in wells and borings which illustrate the 
relation of the two series of rocks. 
Mr. Stephen Seal gave an account of the fossil plants found at 
tlie Darfield Quarries near Barnsley. 
The source of the water which issues at the foot of Malham Cove 
had been for many years a subject of dispute, and during 1879 Mr. 
Thomas Tate, with some other members of the Society, prosecuted a 
series of experiments to determine the question. The co-operation 
of Mr. Walter Morrison, M.P., vice-president, was readily obtained, 
and the results of the experiments formed the subject of a communi- 
cation to this Society during the same year. They proved conclu- 
sively that the streams issuing at the Cove, as well as at Aire Head 
about a mile and a half lower down the stream, were both supplied 
from Malham Tarn by way of the Tarn water sinks. They also 
rendered it probable that behind Malham Cove there exists a water 
cave of greater or less extent as suggested by Prof. Boyd Dawkins. 
The theory that Malham Cove is supplied by the stream which dis- 
appears at the Streets Smelting ]\Iill was completely refuted. Whilst 
these investigations w^ere proceeding, Mr. Morrison called attention 
to an interesting phenomenon at Cowden Hill, north-east of Malham. 
This hill is ordinarily without a spring, but about once in every five 
years a body of water rushes out at its foot and down Fingal-street 
with such violence as to tear away the macadam off the road. This 
discharge continues for seven or eight hours, after which the scene 
resumes its wonted stillness, and gTass reclothes the denuded slopes. 
The phenomenon may be explained by the existence of a deep funnel- 
shaped reservoir, near the base of which exists a syphon whose bend 
is nearly on a level with its roof. 
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