WILMORE : THE STRUCTURE OF SOME CRAVEN LIMESTONES. 35 
like character is still seen. In the northern part of the anti- 
clinal we have sharply folded strata instead of the massive 
bulges of the knoll area. It is thus clear that the knoll-structure 
is a function of the coarse organic breccia, but this rock does 
not always produce a knoll. It has already been pointed out 
that much of the whole anticlinal is ma 'e up of the same stuff, 
and so is limestone in Derbyshire, North Yorkshire, and West- 
moreland. 
At Newsholme there is a light grey, very fossiliferous lime- 
stone, with very fine fossils and all the characteristic textures 
of Reef-knoll limestone, but it would not be called a knoll in 
the same sense. The fauna is quite different from that of the 
shales and muddy limestones of the district in which it occurs. 
I have obtained the following : — Amplexus coralloides , Spirifera 
Uneata, Rhynconella pleurodon, R. pugnus, IL acuminata, Tere- 
hratula {Dielasma) hastata, Productus (several species), Euom- 
phalus pugilis, E. catillus, Macrocheilus imbricatus, Fenestella 
(two or three species). Here is the characteristic fauna of the 
knolls in a district where the muddy limestones and shales are 
dominant, and yet the mass does not make a knoll. The fauna 
of the district around is very different (Plate V., Fig. F). 
At Fogga — on the Skipton-Hellifield road — are faulted-up 
masses of the same partly confusedly-bedded organic debris, 
and again the rolled fossils are common. The fauna is the 
same. Secondary calcite deposit is again well seen. Here a 
knoll-mass is a function of organic breccia formation and of 
orogenic movement. Here we find Dielasma hastata, Spirifera 
glabra, Productus giganteus, Zaphrentis cylindrica, &c. 
(6) The Carboniferous Limestones of the eastern part and the 
limestones in some of the parts coloured " shales with lime- 
stones ^ 
These limestones are well bedded, and often quite flaggy 
and are usually dark-grey to black in colour. The uppermost 
beds are readily traced across the area, because the Pendleside 
shales, with their characteristic fauna, are seen to lie conform- 
ably on the limestone strata all along the southern edge of the 
anticlinal system. 
