WILMORE : THE STRUCTURE OF SOME CRAVEN LIMESTONES. 29 
one based on orogenic movements, involving probably over- 
thrusting and repetition of beds. He brought evidence mainl}^ 
from the Draughton folded area and from Winterburn, and 
applied it to explain the Reef-knolls of Scaleber, near Settle, 
of Malham, and of the Cracoe district. Mr. Tiddeman replied 
in a communication to the British Association, Bradford, 1900 
(Geol. Mag., June, 1901). 
Mr. Lomas, in an interesting paper on strike maps (British 
Association), illustrated his paper from the Clitheroe-Downham 
area. 
Dr. Hind has several papers which deal directly cr indirectly 
with these rocks (Geol. Mag., April and May, 1897 ; Trans. Edin. 
Geol. Soc, Vol. vii. ; Geol. Mag., Feb., 1*898). 
Dr. Hind and Mr. J. H. Howe, in their paper on " The 
Pendleside Group at Pendle Hill, &c." (Q.J.G.S., Ivii., 1901). 
vigorously challenged some ideas which had been generally 
accepted. First they combated the stratigraphy of the Survey 
officers. The beds between the undoubted limestone inassif 
helow and the Millstone Grit beds above (witli the Pendle Grit — 
Farcy's grit of Derbyshire — at the base) and which are some 
2,000 feet thick in this district under consideration, had been 
called Yoredale beds by the Geol. Survey (they do not use the 
term Yoredale on the newer edition of their maps). Dr. Hind 
and Mr. Howe contended that these intermediate beds have 
much more in common with the Millstone Grits and Ganister 
beds above than with the Carboniferous Limestone below, 
and they proposed the name Pendleside Series for these strata. 
Secondly, they challenged the idea that the Craven Faults 
divide the Carboniferous Limestone area into two stratigraphical 
districts, with a succession and paleontology on the north of the 
faults differing from the succession and paleontology south- 
west of the faults. 
The literature dealing especially with limestones, their 
nature and origin, with slight exceptions, does not especially 
refer to this district. The papers on Reef-knolls already men- 
tioned and the joint paper of Dr. Hind and Mr. Howe may, 
however, be quoted again as dealing in some measure with this 
