WHiMORE : THE STRUCTURE OF SOME CRAVEN LIMESTONES. 159 
It will be necessary to recall the chief features of the physical 
geography of the district. 
First we have the Craven Highlands, to the north of 
the inner fault, the country of the dales proper and the 
land of the famous scars. Here the strata are almost hori- 
zontal, the Carboniferous Limestone series being succeeded by 
the Shales with Limestone and then by the Millstone Grit 
which forms the summits of Penyghent, Ingleborough, and 
Fountains Fell. Dr. Wheelton Hind informs me that he has 
recently proved the existence of the Pendleside fauna in the 
southern part of the Highland area to the north of Malham, but 
I do not know of anything corresponding to the ImoUs of Lower 
Craven in this area. The limestones are sometimes quite as 
irregularly bedded, and there is the same variation in fossil- 
iferous character, but the rounded detached hills do not 
occur. 
The Northern Branch of the Craven Faults runs from 
Ingleton, north of Malham, to the neighbourhood of Pateley 
Bridge. The middle branch runs from Ingleton to Malham 
and on to Winterburn. The southern " branch " is a complex 
system branching off near Settle, and running south to the 
neighbourhood of Skipton. 
The faults at Barnoldswiek, at Twiston (near Do\vnham), 
and the limestone boundary fault at Clitheroe, as well as the 
north-eastern boundary fault of the Burnley Coalfield, are 
somewhat similar in direction to the Craven Faults (Plate 
XIX). 
It has often been pointed out that the throw of the Craven 
Faults decreases as they are traced eastwards, and becomes 
comparatively small in the knoll district (see especially Hind 
and Howe, Q.J.G.S., Ivii.). Is it not difficult to conceive of 
a very great difference in the succession of the beds or a radical 
change in the fauna north and south of the faults, when the 
throw is so small ? Are not any observed differences rather 
to be attributed to a gradual change in the succession and in 
the fauna as the beds are traced from south to north independ- 
ently of the faults themselves ? The succession in the country 
