WILMORE : THE STRUCTURE OF SOME CRAVEX LIMESTONES. 165 
of crinoida] and shell debris, with occasional corals and polyzoa ; 
(2) the presence of rolled and broken shells ; (3) the occurrence 
of mineral deposits — stalagmite, fluor, pyrites, and iron oxides ; 
(4) the presence of interbedded breccias made of fine-grained 
material and fragments, principally crinoidal ; (5) the variation 
in the character of the bedding, well -bedded material alternating 
yvith. more obscurely bedded deposits in every knoll ; (6) the 
general agreement of the dip of the beds, with only such irregu- 
larities as are likely to occur in a folded country, and which 
can be matched in every part of the Craven Lowlands. 
It is now necessary to consider the strata on each side of 
this knoll line. To the south there are the fine black shales, 
with characteristic thin limestones passing upwards into the 
shales wdth grits. These are characterised, as Dr. Hind and 
Mr. Howe have shown, by a well-defined fauna (see also the 
Survey memoir on the Burnley Coalfield). On the north side, 
that is behind the knolls and towards the middle of the Chatburn- 
Clitheroe anticlinal, there are more flaggy limestones, with mud- 
stones and soft shales. The beds have still the same general 
dip. They may be well studied in the immediate neighbourhood 
of Downham and in the brook sections between Worsaw Hill 
and Chatburn. These beds contain the same general fauna 
which occurs at Thornton-in-Craven, at Rain Hall, at News- 
holme, and other places in the area coloured dark blue on the 
survey map. (I hope in a future paper to give further particu- 
lars and detailed lists of the fauna of Thornton and Downham.) 
These shales and " mudstones " are not on the same horizon 
as the shales south of the knolls, the faunas being quite different. 
The recognition of the Pendlesides, as constituting a distinct 
stratigraphical series, is, in my opinion, most important. WTiether 
these beds are eventually known as the Pendleside series or as 
the upper shales ^dth limestones matters less than the insistence 
on the fact that they are quite distinct hthologicaUy and palae- 
ontclogically from the various beds of the series below. The 
greyish limestones, the blue limestones, and the variable shales 
of the Carboniferous Limestone series contain, on the whole, the 
same well-defined fauna. This fauna is quite different from 
that of the Pendleside shales and limestones immediately 
