xviii MANX BIRD-NAMES 
and has since served as a standard. The translators had 
the idea of writing phonetically, which often gives their 
words a deceptive unlikeness to those corresponding in the 
cognate dialects. The rule was not, however, fully and 
consistently carried out, and redundancies and anomalies 
are therefore not infrequent in Manx orthography. 
In the matter of Manx bird-names I am particularly 
indebted to Messrs. W. Quayle, C. P. and J. R. Moore, of 
Laxey, and Mr. J. B. Keig, of Ramsey. 
A number of English provincial names in use in the 
Isle of Man are also given immediately after the current 
English book-names. Some of these are translations from 
the Gaelic, some are introductions from northern England, 
and others are apparently original to the soil. English- 
speaking as we now are, various birds are still best known 
in country districts by their Manx (Gaelic) names; thus 
the Oyster-catcher at Kirk Michael is always Garey-vreck, 
and the Chough on the west coast always Cua, except 
where English tourists have occasionally in recent times 
taught the natives other names. 
For the equivalent (and indeed often practically identical) 
Trish and Scottish Gaelic names, often given for comparison, 
there have been consulted O’Reilly and O’Donovan’s Ivish- 
English Dictionary, Ussher and Warren’s Birds of Ireland, 
and Harvie-Brown and Buckley's Fauna of the Outer 
Hebrides. 
In spelling Manx place-names, the Ordnance Survey 
has usually been followed, though a certain amount of 
divergence may sometimes be found in the local renderings 
of the obscurer names, and this has here and there been 
indicated. 
A few Manx words constantly recurring in place- 
names, etc., with their English equivalents, are given 
below :— 
